Most species have developed internally driven circadian
rhythms [natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and
repeat roughly every 24 hours] in their physiology and behavior that are
attuned to changes in the daily 12 hours light:12 hours dark cycle. The
photoperiod profoundly influences the circadian rhythm of biochemical,
physiological and behavioral processes in almost all living organisms.
Extensive research has shown that changes in the light-dark
cycles are closely associated with various metabolic disorders. In aquatic animals,
the cycle acts as an important biological factor that influences the entire
life cycle from embryonic development to sexual maturation.
In recent years, growing evidence has shown that the effects
of the light-dark cycle on various aquatic species are diverse: some species
have a natural preference for dark environments while others have an improved
physiological state under high light intensity.
Different light-dark cycles could affect growth,
digestibility and physiological metabolism in fish. In crustaceans, the
hepatopancreas is an important organ and the main site for nutrient digestion,
absorption, and metabolism. The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
is the main species of shrimp cultured worldwide. Until now, evidence regarding
the regulation of physiological metabolic process under different light-dark
cycles is limited in L. vannamei. The hepatopancreas and intestine can
be the potential targets for studying the responsive mechanism of shrimp in
response to different light-dark cycles.
This article – adapted from the original publication (Jiao,
L. et al. 2021. Influence of Light/Dark Cycles on Body Color, Hepatopancreas
Metabolism, and Intestinal Microbiota Homeostasis in Litopenaeus vannamei.
Front. Mar. Sci., 29 November 2021) – investigated the effects of different
light/dark cycles (12 h light/12 h dark, 0 h light/24 h dark) on the
hepatopancreas metabolism and intestinal microbiota in L. vannamei.
StudyDesign
This research was carried out at the
Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, in
Ningbo, China. A total of 180 L. vannamei juveniles (individual weights
~0.72 grams) were randomly divided into two groups: a natural light treatment
group (12 hours light:12 hours dark) and a dark treatment group (0 hours
light:24 hours dark), with three replicates per group.
After an eight-week feeding trial, the shrimp body color was
captured using digital cameras and then analyzed with a commercial software
program. Various samples of shrimp hemolymph, hepatopancreas, and intestinal
contents were collected and analyzed.
For detailed information on the experimental design and animal husbandry; and analytical testing and analyses of the samples collected, refer to the original publication.
Results and Discussion
The change in body color in
crustaceans has received much attention as a conspicuous and quantifiable
phenomenon related to various physiological and ecological factors. Crustaceans
have the ability to change coloration in response to photoperiod, which may
play roles including photoprotection and enhancing camouflage in unique marine
environments.
In our study, one interesting finding was that the body
color of L. vannamei became darker after dark treatment in an eight-week
feeding trial, which may be related to the decreased expression of specific
genes. Although the molecular mechanism of crustacean body color change is not
clear, several studies have indicated that the regulation of body color can be
associated with the expression of a gene for the pigment crustacyanin.
Astaxanthin, a carotenoid [yellow, orange and red organic
pigments produced by plants, algae, several bacteria and fungi] pigment found
in nature, appears to be the main pigment responsible for color in crustaceans,
accounting for approximately 65 to 98 percent of all the carotenoids found in
shrimp species. The stability of the highly reactive astaxanthin pigment
results from interactions with forms of the pigment crustacyanin.
Researchers have reported that L. vannamei infected
with various Vibrio spp. consumed less feed and their body color tended
to be darker. Our intestinal microbiota analysis confirmed that the relative
number of Vibrio increased after the dark treatment. Consequently, we believe
that the dark treatment in our experiment decreased the gene expression of
crustacyanin and increased intestinal Vibrio numbers, and resulted in the
changed body color in L. vannamei. However, the molecular mechanism
involved remains unclear.
Most organisms have evolved an internal circadian clock that
drives circadian rhythms in their metabolism, physiology, and behavior. The
circadian clocks use a 24-hour light-dark cycle as the environmental signal to
establish internal (endogenous) circadian timing systems that synchronize
several biological functions. In our study, we observed that certain circadian
clock genes were downregulated [their expression was decreased] under constant
darkness treatment in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei, including some
involved in insulin regulation.
In invertebrates, the role of the insulin pathways includes
not only glucose steady state (homeostasis) but also the regulation of a
variety of fundamental processes such as growth, aging, and reproduction.
Overall, our results provide the first evidence that constant dark treatment
could influence hormone regulation in the hepatopancreas of L.
vannamei.
The involvement of the light-dark cycle as an important
regulator of immune functions has been extensively described in mammals, but
there is a paucity of information on the influence of this biological
phenomenon in aquatic animals. Limited studies have reported that the innate
immune system had a circadian rhythm based on the light-dark cycle in various
fish species.
We also found that the dark treatment significantly suppressed the expression of immune-related genes in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei, including some involved in the activation of the shrimp immune defenses against invasive pathogens. These results indicated that constant dark treatment impaired the immune function in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei.
The intestinal microbiota modulates host physiological
processes and plays a vital role in promoting and maintaining the health of the
host. Our data showed that the dark treatment significantly increased the
relative abundance of several bacterial genera, including Ruegeria, Vibrio,
Actibacter, Roseovarius, Ilumatobacter and Kriegella in the intestines of L.
vannamei. It is relevant to note that the dark treatment promoted the
proliferation of pathogenic bacteria like Vibrio spp., the most typical and
well-known pathogen causing vibriosis infections in aquatic animals.
Perspectives
Overall, our findings indicated that
constant darkness resulted in more obscure body color, altered hepatopancreas
metabolism, and intestinal microbiota homeostasis in L. vannamei. Genes
involved in regulating nutrition metabolism, body-color formation, diurnal
rhythm, immune function, hormone levels, and other functions were downregulated
after constant darkness for eight weeks. Further intestinal microbiota analysis
showed that dark treatment-induced alterations in intestinal bacterial
abundances and circadian rhythms increased susceptibility to various pathogens,
and decreased nutrition metabolism.
Our results provide an important reference for further
understanding of the impact of different light-dark cycles on shrimp
physiological processes (including body color, hepatopancreas metabolism, and
intestinal microbiota), which could help improve shrimp producers by adjusting
light-dark cycles in controlled shrimp farming systems.
|Source: Online/KSU
Comment Now